Spina bifida is a congenital malformation of the spinal column and spinal cord in which the spinal column does not close completely. This leads to a gap through which the spinal cord and nerve tracts can be damaged. The severity varies depending on the form of the malformation - from a mild, usually symptom-free variant to serious neurological problems such as paralysis or bladder and bowel disorders. The exact cause is not fully understood, but a lack of folic acid during pregnancy plays an important role. Treatment ranges from surgical interventions to supportive therapies.